Confederate Monuments Syllabus

A Crowdsourcing Project About Confederate Monuments and Civil War Memory

The horrific murders committed by Dylann Roof of nine churchgoers in Charleston, South Carolina in 2015 catapulted the debate about Confederate iconography, including flags and monuments, onto the national stage. That debate has expanded in the wake of the violence in Charlottesville, Virginia in 2017 and more recently in Minneapolis in the wake of the police killing of George Floyd.

The goal of Confederate Monuments Syllabus is to assist teachers and students on the high school and college levels, as well as others, who are interested in exploring the history and the ongoing debate surrounding the meaning of Confederate monuments and the American Civil War.

You will find op-eds/editorials going back to 2015 as well as videos, interviews, lectures, primary sources, lesson plans for the classroom, and suggestions for further reading.

NEW TO CONFEDERATE MONUMENTS SYLLABUS

• ^NEW Erin Thompson, “The Most Controversial Statue in America Surrenders to the Furnace,” 27 October 2023, The Washington Post.
• ^NEW Teo Armus and Hadley Green, “Charlottesville’s Lee Statue Meets Its End in a 2,250-Degree Furnace,” 26 October 2023, The Washington Post.
• Alex Heard, “The Problem of Confederate Statues on U.S. Public Lands“, 28 September 2020, Outside.
• Washington Post, “George Floyd was a Catalyst, but 235 Years of Racism Let to Removing Confederate Statues in Richmond,” 21September 2020, YouTube.
• EJI, “The Truth About Confederate Named Schools,” September 2020, Vimeo.
• Siddhartha Mitter, “All Statues are Local: The Great Toppling of 2020 and the Rebirth of Civic Imagination,” 06 June 2020, The Intercept.
• House Hearing on Confederate Monument Removal Legislation, 21 July 2020, Washington, D.C.
• David W. Blight, “Europe in 1989, American in 2020, and the Death of the Lost Cause,” 01 July 2020, The New Yorker.
• Caroline Randall Williams, “You Want a Confederate Monument? My Body is a Confederate Monument,” 26 June 2020, The New York Times.
• Ian Millhiser, “Monument Avenue is Richmond’s Racist Row. Will Tearing It Down Redeem a City?” 24 June 2020, Vox.
• Michael Dickinson and Gregory Smithers, “The Power of Empty Pedestals,” 23 June 2020, The Bitter Southerner.
• Scott Nelson, “The Even Uglier Truth Behind Athens Confederate Monument,” 23 June 2020, Muster.
• Video: Stone Mountain, Georgia featuring Stan Deaton, 18 June 2020, Georgia Historical Society.
• Stephanie McCurry, “The Confederacy Was an Anti-Democratic, Centralized State,” 21 June 2020, The Atlantic.
• Ashleigh Lawrence-Sanders, “Removing Lost Cause Monuments is the First Step in Dismantling White Supremacy,” 19 June 2020, The Washington Post.
• Anne Twitty, “Ole Miss’s Monument to White Supremacy,” 19 June 2020, The Atlantic.
• Keisha N. Blain, “Destroying Confederate Monuments Isn’t Erasing History. It’s Learning From It,” 19 June 2020, The Washington Post.
• “Time to rethink Confederate monuments: A Lincoln scholar changes his mind,” 19 June 2020, New York Daily News.
• Conversation: Kevin M. Levin and Hilary Green discuss Civil War memory and Confederate monuments, 18 June 2020, Ford’s Theater
• Kevin M. Levin, “Black Bostonians Fought For Freedom From Slavery. Where are the Statues That Tell Their Stories?,” 16 June 2020, Cognoscenti.
• Kevin M. Levin, “Richmond’s Confedederate Monuments Were Used to Sell a Segregated Neighborhood,” 11 June 2020, The Atlantic.
• Graeme Wood, “Let Confederate Monuments Go To Seed,” 08 June 2020, The Atlantic.
• Robert W. Lee IV, “Robert E. Lee is my ancestor. Take down his statue, and let his cause be lost,” 07 June 2020, The Washington Post.
• Jacob F. Lee and Mathew Stanley, “Direct Action and the Rejection of Monumental History,” 05 June 2020, Counter Punch.
• Karen Cox, “Confederate monuments haunt American democracy,” 01 June 2020, CNN.
• Statement, Alabama Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans, 01 June 2020, Facebook.
• Interview with Kehinde Wiley about “Rumours of War” statue in Richmond, VA, 11 December 2019, CBS This Morning.
• Lecture: Stan Deaton on the history and memory of Confederate monuments, 15 August 2019, Chautaqua Institute.

OP-EDS, EDITORIALS (2017)

• Yoni Applebaum, “Take the Confederate Statues Down,” 13 August 2017, The Atlantic.
• Felicia Bevel, “White Supremacy is a Global Export of the Confederate South, 32 May 2017, Quartz.
• Erin Blakemore, “How the Confederacy is Etched into American Roads,” 29 August 2017, The Atlantic.
• David W. Blight, “Clementa Pinckney, A Martyr of Reconciliation,” 22 June 2015, The Atlantic.
• David W. Blight, “‘The Civil War Lies on Us Like a Sleeping Dragon’: America’s Deadly Divide and Why It Has Returned,” 20 August 2017, The Guardian.
• W. Fitzhugh Brundage, “I’ve Studied the History of Confederate Memorials. Here is What To Do About Them,” 18 August 2017, Vox.
• Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Why Do So Few Blacks Study the Civil War?” 2012, The Atlantic.
• James C. Cobb, “Why Wiping Out Monuments to the Confederacy Many Not Be a Path to a More Inclusive Society,” Zocalo, 27 May 2017.
• Karen Cox, “Why Confederate Monuments Must Fall,” 15 August 2017, The New York Times.
• Karen Cox, “The Whole Point of Confederate Monuments is to Celebrate White Supremacy,” 16 August 2017, The Washington Post.
• Jane Dailey, “The Confederate General Who Was Erased,” 21 August 2017, HuffPost.
• Eric Foner, “The Making and the Breaking of the Legend of Robert E. Lee,” 28 August 2017, The New York Times.
• Eric Foner, “Confederate Statues and Our History,” 20 August 2017, The New York Times.
• Scott Hancock, “In Gettysburg the Confederacy Won,” 24 August 2017, City Lab.
• Caroline Janney, “Why We Need Confederate Monuments,” 27 July 2017, The Washington Post.
• Kevin M. Levin, “The Pernicious Myth of the ‘Loyal Slave’ Lives on in Confederate Memorials,” 17 August 2017, Smithsonian Magazine.
• Brian Palmer and Seth Freed Wessler, “The Costs of the Confederacy,” December 2018, Smithsonian.
• Lisa Richardson, “I’m a Black Daughter of the Confederacy and This is What We Should Deal with All Those General Lees.” 27 August 2017, Los Angeles Times.
• Jason M. Ward, “The Myth of Southern Blood,” 21 August 2017, The Washington Post.

NEW ORLEANS (2017)

• David W. Blight, “The Battle For Memorial Day in New Orleans,” 31 May 2017, The Atlantic.
• Jelani Cobb, “The Battle Over Confederate Monuments in New Orleans,” 12 May 2017, The New Yorker.
• Brentin Mock, “How Robert E. Lee Got Knocked Off His Pedestal,” 31 May 2017, The Atlantic (City Lab).
• Kevin M. Levin, “Robert E. Lee Topples From His Pedestal,” 19 May 2017, The Atlantic.
• Wynton Marsalis, “Why New Orleans Should Take Down Robert E. Lee’s Statue,” 17 May 2017, The Times-Picayune.
• Mary Niall Mitchell, “A Tale of Two Cities: New Orleans and the Fight Over Confederate Monuments,” 11 May 2017, History.
• Adolph Reed Jr., “Monumental Rubbish: With the Statues Torn Down, What Next for New Orleans?” 25 June  2017, Common Dreams.
• Janell Ross, “‘They Were Not Patriots’: New Orleans Removes Monument to Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee,” 19 May 2017, The Washington Post.
• Yohuru Williams, “Bye Bye Beauregard: Putting the Confederate Past Where it Belongs,” 23 May 2017, The Progressive.

NEW ORLEANS: LOCAL VOICES

• Edward Alexander, “Thought You Were God, Huh? Letter to Robert E. Lee,” uploaded to YouTube, 5 June 2017.
• Lolis Eric Elie, “Still Live, With Voices,” 20 August 2015, Oxford American.
• Mitch Landrieu, Address at Liberty Place Monument, April 24, 2017, YouTube.
• Mitch Landrieu, Speech on the Removal of Confederate Monuments in New Orleans,” 18 May 2015, The Atlantic.
• “The Struggle to Remove White Supremacist Monuments in New Orleans: Community Forum #2,” Uploaded to YouTube, 13 October 2015.
• “The Struggle to Remove White Supremacist Monuments in New Orleans: Community Forum #3,” Uploaded to YouTube, 12 October 2015.

CHARLOTTESVILLE (BEFORE AUGUST 12, 2017)

• The Illusion of Progress: Charlottesville’s Roots in White Supremacy, Carter G. Woodson Center, UVA
• Sophie Abramowitz, Eva Latterner, and Gillet Rosenblith, “Tools of Displacement,” 23 June 2017, Slate.
• Jamelle Bouie, “Why Richard Spencer Matters,” 23 May 2017, Slate. (Charlottesville, Va).
• Jackey Forten, “The Statue at the Center of Charlottesville’s Storm,” 13 August 2017, New York Times.
• Megan Garber, “Why Charlottesville,” 12 August 2017, The Atlantic.
• Eileen Johnson, “Moments of Rupture: Confederate Monuments and a Southern Town’s Search for its Identity,” 12 April 2017, The Politic. (Charlottesville, Va).
• Jalane Schmidt, “Excuse Me, America Your House is On Fire: Lessons From Charlottesville on the KKK and ‘Alt-Right,'” 27 June 2017, Resist Here.
• Michael Signer, “I’m A Progressive Mayor. Here’s Why I Voted No On Removing My City’s Monument,” 24 May 2017, The Washington Post.
• Brendan Wolfe, “History Writ Aright,” [History of the Lee Monument], 05 July 2017, personal blog.

CHARLOTTESVILLE (AFTER AUGUST 12, 2017)

• Karen Cox, “What Changed in Charlottesville,” 11 August 2019, New York Times.
• Paul Duggan, “Charlottesville’s Confederate statues still stand—and still symbolizes a racist past,” 10 August 2019, The Washington Post.
• Melissa J. Gismondi, “Charlottesville: One Year Later,” August 11, 2018, The Walrus.
• Kevin M. Levin, “Why I Changed My Mind About Confederate Monuments,” 19 August 2017, The Atlantic.
• Keri Leigh Merritt, “Charlottesville and the Confederate Legacy,” 17 August 2017, Moyers & Co.
• Blain Roberts and Ethan J. Kytle, “Unsure about Confederate Statues? Ask Yourself If You Support White Supremacy,” 16 August 2017, Fresno Bee.
• Nina Silber, “Worshiping the Confederacy is About White Supremacy-Even the Nazis Thought So,” 17 August 2017, The Washington Post.
• Manisha Sinha, “What Those Monuments Stand For,” 18 August 2017 New York Daily News
• Manisha Sinha, “Heather Heyer is Part of a Long Tradition of White Anti-Racism Activists,” 16 August 2017, The Washington Post.
• Chad Williams, “Donald Trump: the Neo-Confederate President,” 17 August 2017, Cassius.

Richmond, Virginia (Before May 25, 2020)

• Community Forum on Monument Avenue, Monument Avenue Commission, Uploaded to YouTube on August 13, 2017.
• Bob Deans, “Richmond Straddles a Grand Dilemma Called Monument Avenue,” 11 June 2017, Richmond Times-Dispatch.
• Garrett Epps, “The True History of the South Is Not Being Erased,” 11 June 2017, The Atlantic.
• Garrett Epps, “The Motionless Ghosts That Haunt the South,” 14 May 2017, The Atlantic.
• Kevin M. Levin, “What Richmond Has Gotten Right About Its Confederate History,” 18 May 2017, Smithsonian Magazine.
• Howard Manly, “Uncovering the Buried Truth in Richmond: Former Confederate Capital Tries to Memorialize Its Shameful History of Slavery,” Trotter Review (2016).
• Community Forum: “The Unmasking: Race and Reality in Richmond, Part 2,” Uploaded to YouTube on 17 January 2017.
• Robert Zullo, “As Confederate Monuments Come Down Elsewhere, Can Richmond ‘Offer Something Else,'” 21 May 2017, Richmond Times-Dispatch.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Silent Sam)

• James Leloudi, “Silent Sam was a symbol of mob violent itself,” 25 August 2018, The News & Observer.
• Jane Stancill and Andrew Carter, “The unfinished story of Silent Sam, from ‘Soldier Boy’ to fallen symbol of a painful past,” 25 August 2018, The News & Observer.
• Kristina Killgrove, “Scholars Explain the Racist History of Silent Sam Statue, 22 August 2018, Forbes.
• Ethan Kytle and Blain Roberts, “The ‘Silent Sam’ Confederate Monument at U.N.C. Was Toppled. What Happens Next,” 21 August 2018, The New York Times.
• Ethan Kytle and Blain Roberts, “Protesting Rebel Statues is as Old as the Statues Themselves,” 18 May 2018, The Daily Beast.
• Interview with Maya Little about Silent Sam Protest and Arrest, 01 May 2018, The Daily Tar Heel
• Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University, “UNC’s Silent Sam,” Uploaded to YouTube, January 2, 2018.
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, History Department: Statement on Silent Sam and list of resources.
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Recommendation for the Dispensation and Preservation of the Confederate Monument, December 3, 2018.
• A Guide To Researching Campus Monuments and Buildings, “Silent Sam” Confederate Monument, UNC-University Libraries.
• William Sturkey on Silent Sam and Confederate Monuments, uploaded to YouTube, 1 September, 2017.

THE CONFEDERATE FLAG

• Lisa C. Foster, “Statement from Descendants of Confederate Veterans on Changing the Mississippi State Flag,” 06 June 2020.
• Yoni Applebaum, “Why Is the Flag Still There?,” 21 June 2015, The Atlantic.
• Ta-Nehisi Coates, “Take Down the Confederate Flag–Now,” 18 June 2015, The Atlantic.
• Libby Nelson, “The Confederate Flag Symbolizes White Supremacy –and it Always Has,” 20 June 2015, Vox.
• Ethan Kytle and Blain Roberts, “Take Down the Confederate Flag, but Not the Monuments,” 25 June 2015, The Atlantic.

LECTURES AND PANEL DISCUSSIONS

• OAH: “Confederate Monuments: What To Do?” Uploaded to YouTube, 27 May 2018.
• National Council for the Humanities: “Confederate Monuments and Contested Civic Space in the United States, 1865 to the 21st Century,” (W. Fitzhugh Brundage and Kevin M. Levin), Uploaded to YouTube, 3 April 2018.
• W. Fitzhugh Brundage, “A Vexing and Awkward Dilemma: The Legacy of a Confederate Landscape,” Washington & Lee University, 14 February 2018, Vimeo.
• John Coski,”Second Place Trophies: Contexts for Making Sense of Monument Avenue,” The American Civil War Museum, 19 November 2017, YouTube.
• Manisha Sinha, David Blight, Nina Silber, and W. Fitzhugh Brundage, “Recasting the Confederacy: Monuments and Civil War Memory,” University of Connecticut, 11 November 2017, YouTube.
• Gaines Foster, Karen Cox, and David Blight, “Historical Context of Civil War Monuments,” 23 October 2017, C-SPAN.
• Thomas Brown, “Overview of Civil War Monuments,” American Civil War Museum, 25 February 2017, C-SPAN.
• Christy Coleman, “Controversy Over Civil War Monuments and Memorials,” American Civil War Museum,” 25 February 2017, C-SPAN.
• Troy Harman, “Monuments at Gettysburg: Context and Beyond,” Gettysburg National Military Park, Winter 2015, YouTube.
• John Hennessy, “Freedom, the Civil War and its Complicated Legacy,” Gettysburg National Military Park, Spring 2016, YouTube.
• Cynthia Mills, “Civil War Monuments,” Smithsonian Institution, 19 July 2012, YouTube.
• Timothy Sedore, “Context of Civil War Monuments,” American Civil War Museum, 25 February 2017, C-SPAN.
• Panel Discussion: Civil War Monuments, American Civil War Museum, 25 February 2017, C-SPAN.
• Panel Discussion: “The American Civil War: Legacies For Our Own Time,” Yale University, 29 March 2012.

VIDEOS/INTERVIEWS

• Vice, “Inside the Two-Decade Fight to Bring Down a Confederate Monument,” (Denton, Texas), Uploaded to YouTube, February 28, 2018.
• Tampa Bay Times, Tampa, Florida’s Confederate Monument, Uploaded to YouTube, March 21, 2018.
• 60 Minutes, “What happened to Two Removed Confederate Monuments,” March 11, 2018.
• ABC News, “Erasing History?: The Debate Over Confederate Monuments,” Uploaded to YouTube on 20 August 2017.
• ACLU, “When Heritage Equals Hate: The Truth About the Confederacy in the United States,” Uploaded to YouTube on 24 August 2017.
• Civil War Trust, “The Civil War in Four Minutes: Remembering the War,” Uploaded to YouTube on 20 August 2013.
• Civil War Trust, “The Civil War in Four Minutes: Monuments,” Uploaded to YouTube on 7 June 2013.
• Florida Humanities, “Florida in the Civil War: Monuments and Memories,” Uploaded to YouTube on 7 November 2016.
• Gilder-Lehrman, “Gary Gallagher on the ‘Lost Cause,'” Uploaded to YouTube on 17 April 2009.
• History, “The History of Confederate Monuments in the U.S.” Uploaded to Youtube on 26 August 2017.
• Matter of Fact, Interview with Garrett Epps about Confederate Monuments in Richmond, Uploaded to YouTube on 3 June 2017.
• The National, “Confederate Monuments Removed and Covered Up Overnight Across U.S.” (Interview), Uploaded to YouTube on 16 August 2017.
• PBS NewsHour, “Why America is Wrestling With Confederate Monuments,” Uploaded to YouTube on 25 August 2017.
• Prager University, “Was the Civil War About Slavery,” Uploaded to YouTube on 10 August 2015.
• Vice News, “A Kentucky Mayor Has Fought For Years To Remove Confederate Statues,” Uploaded to YouTube on 24 August 2017.
• Vice News, “Memorializing the Confederacy,” Uploaded to YouTube on 23 August 2017.
• Vox, “Timeline of Confederate Monuments,” Uploaded to YouTube on 23 September 2017.

TEACHING CONFEDERATE MONUMENTS AND MEMORY

• Choices Program, “History in Dispute: Charlottesville and Confederate Monuments.”
• James Percoco, “Teaching With Monuments and Memorials,” TeachingHistory.org.
• “Interviewing Monuments,” Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area.
• Chris Lese, “Teaching Civil War Memory,” Common-place, Winter 2014.
• Kevin M. Levin, “Teaching Confederate Monuments as Primary Sources,” Georgia History Today (Spring/Summer 2019): 3-7.
• Tanvi Misra, “Confederate Street Names Mapped,” 25 August 2017, City Lab.

PRIMARY SOURCES

• Alexander Stephens, “Corner stone” Speech, March 21, 1861
• Constitution of the Confederate States
• Declaration of Causes of Seceded States
• Frederick Douglass, Speech at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, 30 May 1871.
• W.E.B. DuBois, “The Perfect Vacation,” The Crisis (1931).
• W.E.B. DuBois, “Robert E. Lee,” (1928).
• James Loewen and Edward H. Sebesta, The Confederate and Neo-Confederate Reader: The “Great Truth” about the “Lost Cause” (2010).
• George Washington Cable, The Negro Question (1903).
• Emily Hazen Reed, The Life of A.P. Dostie; Or, the Conflict of New Orleans (1868).
• “The Decision to Secede and Establish the Confederacy: A Selection of Primary Sources,” (American Historical Association).

MONUMENT DEDICATION ADDRESSES

• Dedication of the Confederate Monument, at Greenwood Cemetery, New Orleans, Friday, 10 April 1874.
• Ceremonies in Augusta, Georgia: laying the corner stone of the Confederate monument and Dedication Address, 31 October 1878.
• South Carolina Monument Association, Dedication of Monument to Confederate Dead, 13 May 1879.
• Robert Edward Lee. An address delivered at the dedication of the monument to General Robert Edward Lee at Richmond, Virginia, 29 May 1890.
• Report of proceedings incidental to the erection and dedication of the Confederate monument, Oakwood Cemetery, Chicago, 1 June 1895.
• Report of proceedings incidental to the erection and dedication of the Confederate monument in Oakwood Cemetery, Chicago, Ill, 1896.
• Address and poem delivered at the unveiling of the monument erected to the memory of the Confederate dead of Warren County, N.C. : 27 August 1903.
• The speech of Hon. Don P. Halsey on the bill to provide a statue of Robert Edward Lee to be placed in Statuary Hall in the Capitol at Washington, D. C., delivered in the Senate of Virginia, 6 February 1903.
• North Carolina Monument Program and Dedication at Appomattox, 10 May 1905.
• A Souvenir Book of the Jefferson Davis Memorial Association and the Unveiling of the Monument, Richmond, Virginia, 3 June 1907.
• Address at the dedication of the Confederate Memorial Hall, Lincolnton, N.C., 27 August 1908.
• The speech of Wiley N. Nash at the dedication of the Confederate monument at Lexington, Mississippi, 2 December 1908.
• Unveiling and dedication of monument to Hood’s Texas brigade on the capitol grounds at Austin, Texas, Thursday, 27 October 1910.
• Transcription of Julian Carr’s dedication speech at Silent Sam, June 2, 1913.
• Lee monument: speech of Hon. Edward W. Pou of North Carolina in the House of Representatives, 13 February 1914.
• Addresses at the unveiling and presentation to the state of the statue of Thomas Ruffin by the North Carolina Bar Association : delivered in the hall of the House of Representatives, 1 February, 1915.
• Dedication of the Louisiana state memorial in the Vicksburg national military park to the honor and glory of Confederate veterans, 1920.
• Program for dedication of memorials to Major-General Stephen Dodson Ramseur, C.S.A., and Brigadier-General James Johnston Pettigrew, C.S.A. : near Winchester, Virginia, September 16-17, 1920, by North Carolina Division, U.C.V., North Carolina Division, U.D.C., and North Carolina Historical Commission, 16-17 September, 1920.

WEBSITES

• Monument Lab
• Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina
• Facing History and Ourselves’ List of Resources on Teaching Reconstruction
• On Monument Avenue (Richmond)
• Take ‘Em Down Nola
• Southern Poverty Law Center Report on Confederate Monuments
• Charlottesville Statues: Legal History Research Guide (UVA Law School)
• Silent Sam: The Confederate Monument at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• The Illusion of Progress: Charlottesville’s Roots in White Supremacy, Carter G. Woodson Center, UVA

READINGS ON MONUMENTS

• Philip Bump, Survey of Confederate Monuments in Union States, The Washington Post, 15 August 2017
• Sarah Beetham, “From Spray Cans to Minivans: Contesting the Legacy of Confederate Soldier Monuments in the Era of ‘Black Lives Matter,’” Public Art Dialogue (2016).
• Melanie L. Buffington, “Stories in Stone: Investigating the Stories Behind the Sculptural Commemoration of the Confederacy,” Visual inquiry (September 2013).
• Thomas J. Brown, The Public Art of Civil War Commemoration (2004).
• Erika Doss, Memorial Mania: Public Feeling in America (2010).
• David W. Gobel and Daves Rossell eds., Commemoration in America: Essays on Monuments, Memorials, and Memorialization (2013).
• William B. Lees and Frederick P. Gaske, Recalling Deeds Immortal: Florida Monuments to the Civil War (2014).
• Sanford Levinson, Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies (1998).
• Cynthia Mills and Pamela H. Simpson, Monuments to the Lost Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory (2003).
• Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America (1997).
• Kirk Savage, Monument Wars: Washington, D.C. the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape (2005).
• Dell Upton, What Can and Can’t Be Said: Race, Uplift, and Monument Building in the Contemporary South (2015).

READINGS ON CIVIL WAR MEMORY

• David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (2002).
• Thomas J. Brown, Civil War Canon: Sites of Confederate Memory in South Carolina (2015).
• Court Carney, “The Contested Image of Nathan Bedford Forrest,” in The Journal of Southern History (August 2001).
• Robert J. Cook, Troubled Commemoration: The American Civil War Centennial, 1961-1965 (2007).
• Karen L. Cox, Dixie’s Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture (2003).
• Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South (1987).
• Gary W. Gallagher and Alan T. Nolan eds., The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History (2000).
• Gary Gallagher, Causes Won, Lost & Forgotten: How Hollywood And Popular Art Shape What We Know About the Civil War (2008).
• Gary Gallagher, Lee & His Army in Confederate History, (2001)
• Gary Gallagher, Lee and His Generals in War and Memory (1998).
• Barbara Gannon, Americans Remember Their Civil War (2017).
• Barbara Gannon, The Won Cause: Black and White Comradeship in the Grand Army of the Republic (2014).
• David Goldfield, Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History (2002).
• Susan-Mary Grant and Peter J. Parish eds., Legacy of Disunion: The Enduring Significance of the American Civil War (2003)
• M. Keith Harris, Across the Bloody Chasm: The Culture of Commemoration Among Civil War Veterans (2014).
• Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (1998).
• Matthew C. Hulbert, The Ghosts of Guerilla Memory: How Civil War Bushwhackers Became Gunslingers in the American West (2016).
• Caroline E. Janney, Burying the Dead But Not the Past: Ladies’ Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause (2012).
• Caroline E. Janney, Remembering the Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation (2013).
• Lawrence A. Kreiser Jr. and Randall Allred eds., The Civil War in Popular Culture: Memory and Meaning (2014).
• Kevin M. Levin, Remembering the Battle of the Crater: War as Murder (2012).
• Anne Marshall, Creating a Confederate Kentucky: The Lost Cause and Civil War Memory in a Border State (2010).
• W. Scott Poole, Never Surrender: Confederate Memory and Conservatism in the South Carolina Upcountry (2004).
• Paul A. Shackel, Memory in Black and White: Race, Commemoration, and the Post-Bellum Landscape (2003).
• Nina Silber, The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865-1900 (1993).
• Charles R. Wilson, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865-1920 (1980).

READINGS ON THE CONFEDERATE FLAG

• George Schedler, Racist Symbols and Reparations: Philosophical Reflections on Vestiges of the American Civil War (1998).
• Robert Bonner, Colors and Blood: Flag Passions of the Confederate South (2002).
• Donna Ladd, “Pride and Prejudice? The Americans Who Fly the Confederate Flag,” 06 August 2018, The Guardian.
• Sarah Lewis, “Which is the Real Confederate Flag?,” 25 June 2017, The New York Times.
• K. Michael Prince, Rally ‘Round the Flag, Boys! South Carolina and the Confederate Flag (2004).
• John Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag: America’s Most Embattled Emblem (2005).

BOOKS FOR CHILDREN

• Tom Feelings, To Be a Slave (2008).